Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse and Molestation

Child sexual abuse and molestation come with serious long-term effects. Child abuse is known to cause serious harm to a victim’s lifelong mental and emotional health. These consequences can create a domino effect, rippling outward to affect a victim’s relationships, physical health, educational success, earning ability, and quality of life.

The CDC estimates that 91% of childhood sexual abuse is perpetrated by someone the child knows. Children often do not report sexual abuse. Sometimes, this is out of fear or shame. However, not all child sexual abuse happens in the same way. When a child is molested, they may not realize until adulthood that they were the victim of sexual abuse.

The statutes of limitations for taking legal action over childhood sexual abuse are set on a state-by-state basis. In recent years, there has been a national movement toward re-examining and lengthening the statutes of limitations surrounding childhood sexual abuse. This has led to an increase in adult survivors coming forward decades after the abuse occurred. It’s never too late for childhood sexual abuse victims to get help and pursue justice.

What counts as child sexual abuse?

Experiencing childhood sexual abuse or molestation is considered an adverse childhood experience (ACE). An ACE is a traumatizing event that can go on to negatively impact nearly every aspect of a person’s well-being.

Childhood sexual abuse is a complicated issue. It can happen in many different ways, and a victim’s reactions are highly individualized.

Child abuse is identified by the CDC as occurring when a child under 18 is involved in sexual activity that they don’t understand or cannot consent to. Legally, any child under the age of consent is a victim of sexual abuse when they are involved in any type of sexual activity.

Child sexual abuse can be physical or non-physical. Common examples include:

Rape or attempted rape
Sodomy or oral sex
Insertion of fingers or objects
Fondling or inappropriate touching
Being asked to expose or watching another expose themself
Being asked to masturbate or watching another masturbate
Being photographed or recorded

Being shown pornographic materials

Last Date Modified

September 1, 2023

Long-term psychological effects of sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse and molestation are linked to a range of serious mental health issues. Mental health issues stemming from childhood sexual abuse can begin shortly after the abuse occurs but may not appear until many years later.

Delayed mental health issues related to childhood sexual abuse may be due to the fact that in childhood, a victim might not fully understand what is happening.

Molestation, in particular, might be confusing to a child. When abuse is not painful for a victim, it may not be until adulthood that the victim fully realizes what occurred. Studies increasingly show that adult survivors often do not recall childhood sexual abuse until asked about it.

Whether a victim immediately recognizes the experience as abuse or does not realize it until adulthood, they are at risk of developing similar mental health concerns. Here are some of the most common mental health issues survivors of childhood sexual abuse face.

PTSD

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most common psychological effects of childhood sexual abuse. Studies show that PTSD related to this type of abuse is more likely to manifest in adulthood. PTSD can manifest differently in different individuals. Common signs of PTSD include:

Reliving the event through flashbacks or memories
Avoidance of intimacy or sexual relationships
Emotional effects like numbness, fear, or shame
Loss of memory of the event
Hyperarousal – easily startled, difficulty with sleep and concentration

PTSD is a complex psychological condition that can increase the likelihood of other issues like depression, anxiety, substance use, and suicide.

Depression

Studies routinely confirm that there is a significant correlation between childhood sexual abuse and adult depression. Depression can have an overwhelming impact on quality of life and can last for short periods or years. Depression manifests in many different ways. Common symptoms of depression include:

Feelings of sadness or emptiness
Anger or irritability
Loss of interest in life activities
Sleep disturbances, insomnia, or sleeping too much
Lack of energy
Loss of appetite and weight loss
Overeating and weight gain
Feelings of shame, worthlessness, and low self-esteem
Cognitive difficulties – thinking, memory, recall
Suicidal ideation or suicide attempts

Depression is a serious mental health condition. Left untreated, it can lead child sexual abuse victims to commit suicide.

Depression

Feelings of sadness or emptiness
Anger or irritability
Loss of interest in life activities
Sleep disturbances, insomnia, or sleeping too much
Lack of energy
Loss of appetite and weight loss
Overeating and weight gain
Feelings of shame, worthlessness, and low self-esteem
Cognitive difficulties – thinking, memory, recall
Suicidal ideation or suicide attempts

Depression is a serious mental health condition. Left untreated, it can lead child sexual abuse victims to commit suicide.

Anxiety

Survivors of childhood sexual abuse are also at risk of developing anxiety disorders, both in childhood and in adulthood. Anxiety disorders can manifest in many different ways. One can broadly identify anxiety as feelings of apprehension that have serious effects on thoughts, emotions, actions, and quality of life.

Common signs of an anxiety disorder include:

Severe anxiety requires medical intervention. If a person with severe anxiety does not receive treatment, the condition can worsen.

Long-term behavioral effects of sexual abuse

The behavioral effects of childhood sexual abuse are closely linked to the psychological effects. In many cases, behavioral effects appear as coping mechanisms to help victims deal with co-occurring mental and emotional issues.

Substance Abuse

Studies consistently find a high correlation between childhood sexual abuse and dependence on alcohol and drugs. One study conducted on adults at an inpatient substance abuse detox center found that 81% of women and 69% of men reported physical childhood sexual abuse.

There’s also a known correlation between childhood sexual abuse and alcohol abuse later in life. This is a particularly complex topic, as it’s believed that family alcohol abuse is likely a contributing factor in the sexual abuse of a child. This suggests that a family history of alcoholism can contribute to both sexual abuse and the likelihood of a victim going on to abuse alcohol.

Substance abuse comes with pervasive effects on every area of life and can lead to serious negative consequences for psychological and physical health. It also negatively impacts relationships, education, and earning ability.

Eating Disorders

Studies have also found a strong correlation between childhood sexual abuse and the development of eating disorders. Eating disorders can take several forms, including:

One view is that eating disorders can be a dysfunctional coping mechanism that allows victims to establish a sense of control over the body. Eating disorders are highly dangerous and can lead to malnutrition and a host of other physical conditions.

Sexual Risk Behavior

Victims of childhood sexual abuse are more likely to engage in sexual risk behavior. Sexual risk behavior is linked to sexual abuse in childhood and is accompanied by many negative consequences, including:

Sexual risk behavior can take many forms. Some of the most common involve unprotected sex, sex with multiple partners, and sexual activity at an early age.

Long-term interpersonal effects of sexual abuse

Sexual abuse in childhood can lead to a wide range of interpersonal issues. Relationship problems, unstable family dynamics, and sexual issues have all been linked to childhood sexual abuse.

Relationship Issues

Victims of childhood sexual abuse often face high levels of relationship difficulties. Common issues include:

Childhood sexual abuse can affect intimate and romantic relationships as well as parenting and family dynamics. Data shows that childhood sexual abuse victims experience greater difficulty in establishing and maintaining safe, healthy relationships than those without a history of this type of abuse.

Sexual Dysfunction

Adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse routinely report issues with sexual dysfunction in adulthood. Women with a history of abuse report higher levels of difficulty with desire and arousal.

For both men and women, the presence of PTSD symptoms can contribute to the occurrence of issues with sexual desire, arousal, and performance.

Revictimization

Revictimization refers to repeatedly falling victim to the same crime. Victims of child sexual abuse are at high risk for continued abuse. An estimated 50% of child sexual abuse victims experience revictimization.

Victims are at higher risk of further sexual abuse in childhood and adulthood. For adults, the additional psychological and emotional effects of childhood sexual abuse may lead to a decreased ability to perceive danger as an adult. Adult victims may also have a higher tolerance for sexually coercive situations due to the normalization of traumatic sexual experiences in childhood.

Studies have also shown that an estimated 35% of sexual abuse perpetrators were victims of childhood sexual abuse. Men are at a much higher risk of falling into this cycle of abuse than women. Recognizing abuse and getting adequate counseling for a victim can greatly reduce the chances of a victim perpetuating the cycle of abuse.

Long-term physical effects of sexual abuse

Childhood sexual abuse can range from painless to traumatizingly painful. Oftentimes, victims may experience immediate injury, STIs, or pregnancy. However, childhood sexual abuse is also linked to many long-term consequences for physical health.

Data shows that adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse are at higher risk of developing:

In addition to these direct physical health consequences, the psychological, emotional, and behavioral effects further contribute to poor physical health and associated conditions.

Depression and anxiety can lead to suicide, suicide attempts, and self-injury. Sexual risk behavior can lead to increased rates of STIs, HIV, pregnancy, and abortion.

Substance abuse poses a high risk to physical health in many ways, including an increased risk of:

Lung disease
Heart disease
Liver disease
Kidney failure
Stroke
Cancer
Dental problems
Nerve damage
HIV
Hepatitis C
Heart infection
Skin infection

Eating disorders lead to a wide range of serious physical health conditions, including:

The physical effects of childhood sexual abuse are highly complex. Physical health consequences are closely tied to the psychological and behavioral health of a victim. Psychological symptoms can manifest as coping mechanisms for dealing with the unresolved trauma of sexual abuse in childhood.

The level of support a survivor receives can have a direct influence on long-term outcomes. One survivor might get counseling early and go on to experience mental, emotional, and physical health. Another victim may never receive treatment and go on to experience any combination of the many possible effects listed above.

With a combination of medical intervention, therapy, and medication, a survivor can find relief from the harsh consequences of childhood sexual abuse.

Taking legal action over child sexual abuse

Taking legal action over childhood sexual abuse is often a two-part process. The abuser can be held responsible through both criminal and civil court.

Childhood sexual abuse is a serious crime. When abuse is reported to the police, the perpetrator faces arrest, sentencing, charges, and jail time. This can provide psychological relief to a victim and their family. It also serves to stop the perpetrator from further abusing the child and other possible victims.

However, criminal proceedings do not provide the victim with any form of compensation. To gain compensation, a victim needs to bring forth a case in civil court. Childhood sexual abuse comes with many short and long-term effects. A victim may want to seek economic compensation for medical bills and therapy costs and non-economic compensation for issues like pain and suffering and emotional anguish.

Taking legal action years after the abuse occurred is a more complicated process. It is possible, but it usually requires the aid of a sexual abuse attorney with experience in similar cases. Every state sets its own statute of limitations on how long a sexual abuse victim has to come forward and take legal action.

Some states place no time limits on sexual abuse cases, while others have strict limits. In recent years, states have increasingly been re-examining the time limits set by statutes of limitations. Many states have extended their time limits, and other states are currently following suit.

It’s never too late for an adult survivor of childhood sexual abuse to seek treatment and justice through the legal system.